RSS
 

Archive for the ‘Connecting Children to Nature’ Category

Children Can Be Interpreters, Too

21 Sep

by Larry Servin

Thesaurus words for wonder: admiration, amazement, awe, astonishment, surprise.

Thesaurus words for spontaneous: unplanned, unstructured, spur-of-the-moment.

The author’s wife helps a child and his father make pinecone bird feeders.

The author’s wife helps a child and his father make pinecone bird feeders.

In a review of Richard Louv’s book Last Child in the Woods published in The Wall Street Journal, Mark Yost says that Mr. Louv wrote that “kids are aware of the global threats to the environment—but their physical contact, their intimacy with nature, is fading.” Mr. Yost’s review further states that our ultimate goal is to help children find “their spontaneous connection to the natural world—and thus the very reason that anyone comes to care for nature in the first place.”

The underlying assumption seems to be that spontaneous contacts in the wild (i.e., woods) are the only way to connect children with nature. Through making spontaneous physical connections with the natural world, children will automatically understand why they should care about nature.

As I considered the implication of these statements, my mind recalled the following vignettes.

Scene One
“Leave my mommy alone!” the young girl screamed. The hungry deer didn’t understand this command. After all, visitors to Deer Park bought the alfalfa crackers to feed the deer and the deer understood this relationship. The problem here was one measly cracker just wasn’t enough for this one deer. Stalking the woman who had offered the tasty morsel, this animal sought more. The child panicked as the creature pursued its presumed benefactor—the girl’s mother.

Scene Two
“They won’t come to me!” the girl cried in dismay. Baby chicks veered left and right around her hand in their pen.

“They’re scared,” I advised in a low voice. “All they see is a giant object (your hand) chasing them and they’re following their natural instinct to flee a predator. Put your hand out in front of you palm down. Now lower your hand to the cage bottom and keep it still.” The girl did this and the chicks approached. One chick hopped on the back of her hand. “Now slowly raise your hand and bring it toward you,” I said in a low voice. The girl’s eyes and smile broadened as she brought the chick closer to her. She turned and stretched out her hand so her mother could see the chick.

So What Is Interpretation, Anyway?
Interpretation is formally defined by the National Association for Interpretation as “a mission-based communication process that forges emotional and intellectual connections between the interests of the audience and the meanings inherent in the resource.” This definition is useful for professional interpreters in formal programs. The vignettes, however, seem to better fit one of Heidi Bailey’s insights regarding interpretation: “Visitors and guests are interpreters, too…. Our role is thus to help our guests unlock their own interpretive potential.” (See “Is Interpretation the Right Word for What We Do,” The Interpreter, November/December 2008.) This insight seems to connect with Mr. Yost’s review statements as well. Children become informal interpreters as they tell others about what happened during their spontaneous connections with nature.

Making the Connections
Sticking children in the middle of nature, however, will not automatically cause them to correctly interpret spontaneous connections. If they do not have the contextual understanding that interpreters can provide, children could inaccurately interpret what happened when telling other people about their experience. I submit that children’s connections with nature need to be both spontaneous and guided.

The two young ladies in the previous scenes interpreted their spontaneous connections based on existing feelings and knowledge. The girl in the first scene interpreted the animal’s behavior as threatening and her anxiety level increased in proportion. Unfortunately, park personnel weren’t there to put the animal’s actions into context. My wife Donna (also an interpreter) and I weren’t in position to provide her with an explanation, reassurance, and encouragement (spontaneous but not guided). I sometimes wonder how this girl viewed and discussed animals and nature as she grew up. How did she interpret her experience to others?

The girl in the second scene also expressed frustration due to not understanding animal behavior. This time, however, I was able to explain the chick’s behavior. I was also able to give the girl reassurance and encouragement to try again (spontaneous but guided). She made a second attempt and found the wonder that can occur from developing her own connection to the natural world. How did she interpret her experience to others?

As nature center volunteers, Donna and I envision ourselves as learning facilitators. We help children connect with nature by guiding them in making the connections. While they made pinecone bird feeders with their parents, we told the children which birds prefer the suet and the different kinds of seeds being used (guided). Donna told them about the results we got from hanging a similar feeder on our balcony. We encouraged the children to watch their feeders and discover if they would get the same results (spontaneous). How did these children interpret their experience to others?

At our site, we have parents help their children make animal masks and paper bag animals. The parents sometimes look bemused or befuddled by what their children conceive—pink raccoons and animals that look remarkably like dinosaurs (spontaneous). Yet, as they work together constructing the animals, children discover how their parents regard nature (guided). This bonding experience could be a catalyst in bringing the whole family to participate in our nature camps and formal interpretive programs. At times, even grandparents get involved in the process as well. How do these children interpret their experience to others?

These children and the girl in the second scene will share what they learned and felt with friends and family. They will discover and express reasons why anyone comes to care for nature. Their informal interpretation has the potential to create a new audience for our formal interpretive programs. I believe, if we can guide that sense of spontaneous wonder, interpreters can help young people enjoy time with nature—in or out of the woods.

Lawrence K. Servin is an NAI Certified Interpretive Guide in Streamwood, Illinois.

 

Soft Walking to Natural Awareness

16 Sep

by Wren Smith

The Soft Walk and sharing ceremony offer gifts to delight the senses. Photo by Harold Johnson.

The Soft Walk and sharing ceremony offer gifts to delight the senses. Photo by Harold Johnson.

Thirty second graders, some with arms outstretched for balance, take large steps, tiptoeing behind me. They carefully select each footfall so that it alights like a butterfly on a flower. Glancing over their shoulders, their eyes widen. Some fashion their hands beside their heads, make a sign for deer, and point at the full-grown doe who trails our little “Soft Walking” adventure. I carry a large, lidded basket full of treasures from the Earth, gifts representing this place I love.

In a few moments we will share these gifts in respectful silence. First, however, we walk softy, employing techniques popularized as “Quiet Walks” by Steven Van Matre in the 1960s, but also echoing teachings from many of the great traditions that have been handed down through the centuries—spiritual practices that acknowledge the limits of the spoken word and aim to cultivate what some Christians refer to as contemplative receptivity and Buddhists call mindfulness. But these were second graders, and my initial intention in developing a ceremony that focuses attention was not as lofty.

I explained to the children before we began our Soft Walk how we will move and why we will walk so softly. Their teachers seem surprised by their children’s eager response. I feel like the pied piper with my enthusiastic entourage. When I reach an elevated portion of the wooden bridge spanning a pond lined with cattails, I point toward a red-winged blackbird perched on a cattail seed head. Gesturing to my shoulders and back to the bird, I direct their attention to the red and yellow epaulettes on his wings. This handsome fellow announces his territorial reign with a loud “okcaree” and I cup my hand beside my ear, encouraging the children to listen.

I motion for the group to stay put, while I hop down from the bridge to pull a cattail blade, and then resume my perch in clear view of the entire group. Quickly splitting the length of this blade into three equal strips, I tie a knot in one end. Holding the knotted end in my mouth, I hastily make a headband and place it on a student who has joined me on this platform overlooking the pond. The others smile and nod approvingly. Dragonflies darting nearby capture our attention and I hold my arms outstretched like wings. When a damselfly alights on another cattail, I clasp my hands behind my back, creating a tent with my arms that mimics the damselfly’s wings at rest. The children notice and nod and help others see.

Continuing past the pond, we find wild peppermint and I pinch off a lush sprig, rolling it between my hands to release the menthol before taking a deep whiff. The children directly behind take turns inhaling the minty delight before passing it down the line to the others. We enter the meadow where several larger clearings allow visibility to the entire group. This meadow offers daisies, butterflies, orange and black milkweed bugs, and the song of grasshoppers. I show some of the children spittlebugs hiding in a fortress of foam and these children become spittlebug guides for their classmates.

We make our way through the sundrenched field and move toward a stand of white pine trees, known to thousands of schoolchildren as the “enchanted forest.” As we gather in a clearing near the woods a red-tailed hawk cries overhead and circles once; some of the children open their arms imitating its impressive glide. Young sassafras trees offer us fresh lemon-lime scented leaves and three different leaf shapes to investigate. I macerate a few of these leaves and pour a small amount of water from a canteen over them. Rubbing the leaves and water together reveals the mucilaginous quality of sassafras leaves. I pass the slippery green poultice to a little ruddy faced boy (I suspect the class clown) who gestures with his hands to his nose and grimaces before grinning broadly. We share a quiet chuckle before he passes the wet glob back to his classmates; soft laughter follows the limp mass down the line.

Holding up three fingers, I warn about the perils of poison ivy, which I spot growing near the path. Feigning stretching and itching I point out the vine before signaling to stay away.

I motion for the children to stretch out their arms, and many automatically close their eyes. The sun warms us and a breeze ruffles our hair. I feel like a leaf gathering the energy of the sun this day. Insects buzz and trill, a field sparrow provides its classic rendition of a “ping pong ball dropping on a table” song. A flock of goldfinch announces its presence overhead with “per-chicory” twittering chatter. Weaving my hand in a roller coaster motion and pointing up, I hope to share the hiccupping flight pattern of these aerobatic charmers.

Approaching the “doorway” of the enchanted forest, I pause, peer in, and motion for the group to follow. We step into the cool darkness of the pine forest and our quiet group grows even quieter. The needles of the white pine create a soft carpet and add an air of elegancy to our Soft Walk. Each step into the forest seems a step back in time, leading us closer to something primal. The smell is earthy and clean. The branches of white pine trees grow in a wagon wheel arrangement that casts lovely shadows on the reddish brown needles on the forest floor. Some of these children have never been in a forest before; none of them has been quiet in the forest with classmates. Teachers and parents are amazed at the children’s quiet attentiveness.

Items found in nature help Soft Walkers make connections. Photo by Chris Knopf.

Items found in nature help Soft Walkers make connections. Photo by Chris Knopf.

There is just enough open space in this forest for our Soft Walk basket ceremony. Setting my basket beside me on the carpet of pine needles, I silently enlist help from teachers and parents as we form a large circle in the middle of the enchanted forest. We’ve carried a blanket into the woods and the children help as we spread it out on the forest floor. I pause and look around at the circle of eager faces. The children’s eyes gleam. Everything is as it should be. I nod approvingly and motion for the group to sit down cross-legged on the pine needles. I’ve learned that this cross-legged position seems to act as a stabilizer for young children, especially if followed by a signal to rest chin on clasped hands.

All eyes watch as I slowly lift the lid of the sharing basket in front of me. Inside are various gifts of the Earth; I’ve wrapped many of them like presents with large leaves (water lotus, big leaf magnolia, and burdock) secured with cattail or yucca cordage. Instead of colorful ribbons and bows, I’ve attached flowers, pinecones, and such. The gift packages brim with mystery. Slowly I reach into the sharing basket and unpack this treasure trove, placing the packages near me on the blanket. I bring out a pear-shaped gourd with a cork in one end. Giving it a shake, I reveal its watery content.

Opening the first package (it’s wrapped in a large water lotus leaf), the entire circle leans forward in anticipation. The quiet is settling in, working powerful magic. The lotus leaf opens to reveal a large freshwater mussel shell. I lift the top shell of this bivalve to reveal its rosy opalescent sheen. It encloses a smaller mussel shell, one punctured with button-sized holes. This smaller shell holds yet another surprise—an even smaller shell containing buttons made from mussel shells. Bringing my hands towards my mouth, I show that mussels can be food, or perhaps a serving dish. I feign using the shell as a digging tool. I lay the shell on the blanket nearby, although I will soon pass it around the group. I’ve learned to wait until after I’ve silently communicated most of the information before passing around objects so participants aren’t distracted by the objects being passed.

Another leaf package contains a small, warty gourd. This one is shaped like an avocado, with a nickel-sized hole near the end. I hold my hands over the hole and shake, producing a rhythmic rattle. The kids bob their heads and shoulders to the beat before I pour its contents of powdered dry red clay into the cup of the now empty large mussel shell. Pouring from the water gourd I mix the clay with my fingers to make a red paint. Holding up an index finger, I look mischievously at the dimple-faced little girl on my right. Her eyes widen for a moment, then she nods her head yes and leans her face toward me. I paint a stripe on her nose and a daisy on her cheek. I stand up, with a turtle shell in one hand and the index finger on my right hand extended, ready to paint the face of any child that nods his or her permission, as I walk around the circle. Sometimes a child will initially decline but then decide they want to be painted too. Occasionally a child will decline. I never push.

Returning to my seat in the circle, I indicate by pointing my finger at all the painted faces that I need my face painted too. All heads nod affirmatively. I offer the paint shell and my face to a little boy on my left. The children know that I have made my face a vulnerable canvas and seem to appreciate my bravery. While I’ve led hundreds of Soft Walks, I’ve never gotten my face slathered in mud.

Unwrapping the last leaf package, I unveil a box turtle shell with the plastron hinge ligament still intact. Opening the “box” with enough pause to build suspense, I begin pulling out the contents like a magician pulling scarves from a bottomless sleeve. Petals of pink, purple, and blue from blossoms and buds of iris and spiderwort, green leaves of dock and yellow dandelion heads, even pieces of burnt wood tumble out and onto a silk scarf.

I hold up a dandelion head and a drawing tablet that I’ve pulled from my basket, and quickly rub the dandelion directly onto the canvas to paint the sun. The children gasp in delight, and do so repeatedly each time another color from my “paint box” appears vividly on the landscape scene I paint before them. I’ve been painting with plants and mud from as far back as I can recall, but was surprised at the children’s level of delight the first time I added the paint box to my sharing basket. We lose so many things, including the simple joys of discovery, when we lose our direct contact with the natural world.

After their journey around the circle, my Earth treasures are back home near my basket. The blanket, now festooned with shells, leaves, herbs, antlers, and flowers, provides a feast for the eyes, and the silence is a feast for the ears. Cupping my left hand to my ear while I slowly wave my right hand over my eyes, I invite the group to close their eyes and listen for a few moments. The wind whispers in the tops of the white pine to the vireos, robins, and wrens, and in the distant woods, I hear the flute-like song of the wood thrush (a delightful surprise for that time of day). A wood pecker drums, someone cracks a twig, a blue jay squawks, and a helicopter from Fort Knox flies overhead. People are breathing slowly and easily. I think I could sprout roots here.

When it is time for me to break the silence, I take an African thumb-piano hidden in my basket. A gourd forms the resonating chamber and I love how the metal tines sound soothing regardless of how I play. It’s a sound reminiscent of water flowing over rocks or wind in the trees. Children and adults open their eyes and I begin to speak softly. I explain that it is always difficult to be the one to start talking, the one that must break the silence. I ask them to name, one at a time, some of the sounds they heard during our quiet time.

“Birds,” says one.

Music or noise? I ask.

“Music.”

“I heard the wind,” whispers another.

Music or noise? I ask again.

“Oh, music. It’s so peaceful!” she adds again in a whisper.

The Soft Walkers take turns sharing their sounds and classifying them as music or noise. We realize that some of the sounds can be both music and noise depending on their volume and our musical preference. We also discover that we name most of the natural sounds as music and most of the manmade sounds as noise. One little boy suggests that the manmade sounds seem loud and harsh while the natural sounds are soft and gentle. After complimenting this child’s astute observation, I suggest that when people come together in stillness, we become part of the music of nature.

When I ask these listeners if they heard this music during our quiet time, they affirm with enthusiastic nods. I explain that this music is full of stories and how these stories have been waiting for just the right time and place to be told. Inviting the children to ask questions about plants, animals, and other treasures they encountered during our time together indicates a new attunement to their surroundings. These children who just an hour earlier rapidly fired questions without waiting for answers now seem to know what they really want to know. Their questions reveal an attentiveness that pulls forth the stories of the freshwater mussels; water lotus leaves and pods; spittlebugs; pigments in nature, trees, peppermint, and goldfinch; and so much more. These stories unfold to their receptive ears like treasured gifts offered directly from the Earth.

Wren Smith, interpretive programs manager for Bernheim Arboretum & Research Forest in Kentucky, has been sharing her Soft Walk program for more than 25 years. Reach her at 502-955-8512, x227 or Wren@bernheim.org.

 

Urban Wild: Showing L.A.’s youth the wild side of America’s most sprawling city

06 Sep

by Lauren Buchholz

M.R.C.A. naturalist Lauren Tingco helps students cross a stream in Malibu Creek State Park.

M.R.C.A. naturalist Lauren Tingco helps students cross a stream in Malibu Creek State Park.

A city made infamous by its air quality struggles, traffic jams, and teeming populace, Los Angeles isn’t one of the first places most people would expect to find a flourishing outdoor education program. Looming skyscrapers and ever-expanding freeways define what would seem to be a stark antithesis to the natural world, trademarks of a city that coined the term “urban sprawl.”

Yet on a sunny spring Wednesday, just over 30 miles from the heart of the downtown metropolis, a class of fifth graders is seeing a very different side of L.A. Under a clear blue sky on the grounds of Malibu Creek State Park (made famous as the filming location for M.A.S.H.), a small group is participating in a guided hike that winds its way through several miles of native grasslands dotted with coastal live oak and sycamore trees, their path overshadowed by steep mountain faces that provide homes for rattlesnakes, mule deer, and one or two mountain lions. Earlier in the week, the curious 10- and 11-year-olds learned about the importance of this wild habitat by identifying local plants firsthand and seeing how native animals have adapted to the environment by examining skulls and fur samples. Their excitement is palpable as they begin to apply what they have learned to the natural settings all around them, pointing out signs of deer and coyotes, taking photos of blue herons wading beneath a bridge crossing, and warning one another to avoid clusters of poison oak. For the week, they are no longer confined to catching glimpses of nature in the second-most-populated city in the country. Instead, they are experiencing its heart.

The fifth graders out hiking on this particular day are joining a growing number of city youth who have experienced the natural side of Los Angeles under the guidance of the outdoor education program for the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority, or M.R.C.A. Established by the state of California in 1985 as a joint powers entity between the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, the Conejo Recreation and Park District, and the Rancho Simi Recreation and Park District, the M.R.C.A. dedicates itself to the management and preservation of over 60,000 acres of public parkland throughout the county. The organization has been furthering this work for over 10 years by providing outdoor education school programs for the Los Angeles, Glendale, and most recently Las Virgenes Unified School Districts, giving kids the opportunity to camp at and learn about parks and conservation regions throughout the city. The programs are staffed by experienced M.R.C.A. naturalists, whose professional attire (similar to that worn by National Park Service rangers) is usually one of the only ways to distinguish them from excited campers as they share the wonders of the wild side of L.A. with each new school group.

M.R.C.A. naturalist Emily Hope holds a Coast Range Newt in her hands on an outdoor education camp hike through Temescal Gateway Park.

M.R.C.A. naturalist Emily Hope holds a Coast Range Newt in her hands on an outdoor education camp hike through Temescal Gateway Park.

This excursion is no exception. As the naturalist leading the group calls a halt along the trail to introduce her group to the concept and importance of the local watershed, an excited squeal goes up from one of the girls. “There’s a lizard on your backpack!” she exclaims. Within half a second, the group is clamoring for a closer look, cameras in hand, awe written across many of their faces. The pack-bound interloper—a blue-bellied western fence lizard—is found commonly throughout the park, but rarely allows humans such a close encounter for as long as this one. Holding the pack out for the group, the naturalist explains how the native reptile has adapted to avoid predation by severing its tail from its body as a distraction when threatened—an effective but very energy-intensive process that cannot be repeated until a new one has grown several months later. “It’s very important to respect these lizards so that they have a chance to survive,” she explains. “That way, you can come back and show them off for your family and friends.” The lizard is gently teased off the backpack as the group continues on, but the firsthand encounter with this wild creature remains a highlight for the trip: a rare experience that only a trip into nature itself can provide.

Unfortunately, for many youth across the United States, these trips have become more the exception than the norm. The importance of getting America’s children more engaged with the natural world has become a pressing issue throughout the country over the past two generations. More kids are spending more time away from truly experiencing the great outdoors due to the advent of vehicle-friendly suburban developments, strictly relegated schedules, and heightened legal red tape surrounding outside activities. Such are the findings highlighted by Richard Louv in Last Child in the Woods: Saving our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder, the 2005 book that sparked mainstream discussion of the benefits of unplugging modern electronics and encouraging today’s youth to go for wilderness romps.

M.R.C.A. naturalist Michelle Renner discusses the characteristics of herbivores for an outdoor education group while holding a model of a mule deer skull.

M.R.C.A. naturalist Michelle Renner discusses the characteristics of herbivores for an outdoor education group while holding a model of a mule deer skull.

Being out in nature can provide more than just a chance to get some fresh air, Louv argues. Weaving anecdotal evidence with research studies, the author discusses how outdoor excursions can heal children and their families from what he coins “nature-deficit disorder,” the effect of withdrawing nature from personal experiences that leads to increased feelings of stress, wandering and limited attention spans, and general feelings of not being rooted to any one place or thing—symptoms of many people across the U.S. today. Throughout his book and in subsequent interviews, Louv highlights university studies showing how reintroducing nature has significantly reduced attention-deficit disorder (ADD) in young children, and discusses how individual families struggling with disconnected sons and daughters have successfully relied on nature instead of therapy or medication to address the issue. Exposing children to nature also benefits more than just people. As Louv explains in his 2007 article “Leave No Child Inside” (for Orion magazine), “[T]he outdoor experiences of children are essential for the survival of conservation…the truth is that the human child in nature may be the most important indicator species of future sustainability.”

The recognition of benefits such as these have helped to turn the tide towards getting kids back into the outdoors, a tide that the M.R.C.A. is striving to define for the Los Angeles region. As a big city, connectedness with nature is an inherent problem. Yet even in comparison to other large cities in the U.S., Los Angeles residents lack many opportunities to directly access natural areas. Only 33 percent of residents in the county live within a quarter-mile of a park, according to L.A. Assemblyman Kevin de Leon. This is in comparison to 97 percent of Bostonians and 91 percent of New Yorkers—cities that were designed to accommodate green spaces instead of highways (Source: The Los Angeles Times 2008).

The M.R.C.A. has been addressing this problem by opening outdoor education opportunities to students of all ethnic and economic backgrounds throughout the county, meaning its naturalists often see the extremes of youth interaction with nature. For many of the children hiking in Malibu Creek State Park, the thought of being without a cell phone or access to video games and iPods was the most foreign aspect of their weeklong camp experience. For kids living much closer to the heart of downtown Los Angeles, the strangest part of the camp for many was being able to walk freely outside at night and see the stars. Yet despite the differences in their backgrounds, the youth proved indistinguishable in their excitement at exploring the great outdoors—an excitement that M.R.C.A. naturalists often highlight as one of the greatest benefits of their job.

“I remember teaching a group of fifth graders,” says Lauren Tingco, an energetic naturalist who has been with the organization since 2008. “We were discussing some of the ways animals hide from predators, [when] behind in the scrub oak there was a loud swoosh! Several California quails ran and flew from behind me and towards the students, just as a red-tailed hawk flew close to the ground trying to catch the quails.” Tingco shared in the excitement of her students, who later turned the incident into their camp skit for the school group, incorporating the adaptations they had learned about the birds.

Opportunities like this one illustrate the power of firsthand encounters with the natural world to educate and shape a child’s mind. Tingco emphasizes the importance of these experiences for the students she has taught, who often spend classroom time learning about the natural world in their region preceding their outdoor education trips.

“[They] really have a chance to connect the ideas they learned indoors with the outdoors,” she says. Furthermore, the camp environment also encourages students to “come out of their shells,” growing not only in knowledge but as people through their experiences at camp.

“Many times I hear from classroom teachers that the students act like completely different people in the outdoor setting,” says Tingco. “Some students really…embrace the outdoor activities that we provide.”

Perhaps the greatest asset of the M.R.C.A.’s outdoor education program, however, is that it not only offers Los Angeles youth and their families opportunities to see the natural world—it does so from within their own city. In coming to understand the vitality of nature close at hand, the students who attend outdoor education camps with the program can connect the importance of preserving the world’s environment with that of caring for nature on a local level.

Tingco echoes this sentiment: “Outdoor education is great for the children of Los Angeles because it shows them that they don’t have to travel far to hike at a park or see wildlife. The great outdoors is in their backyards…the M.R.C.A. helps them get to [and appreciate] these locations.” This appreciation, nurtured by the organization’s education of the planet’s future caretakers, will undoubtedly benefit the environment in L.A. and around the world in years to come.

Lauren Buchholz is an environmental writing student at the University of Colorado in Boulder, and has worked as an interpretive naturalist for Sequoia National Park and the Santa Monica Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority, California.